{"id":40145,"date":"2023-02-02T10:37:48","date_gmt":"2023-02-02T09:37:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/test-01.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/how-gore-tex-membranes-work\/"},"modified":"2023-02-02T10:37:59","modified_gmt":"2023-02-02T09:37:59","slug":"how-gore-tex-membranes-work","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alpinetrek.co.uk\/blog\/how-gore-tex-membranes-work\/","title":{"rendered":"How GORE-TEX membranes work"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Today, GORE-TEX is the epitome of waterproof and breathable garments. Regardless of whether you\u2019re skiing, cycling, mountaineering at work or just going about your everyday life, you can always rely on the high-quality products engineered with GORE-TEX membranes &#8211; at least that\u2019s what the American brand claims. In the following, we\u2019re going to have a closer look at the composition of this membrane and what makes it so special.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-bill-gore-sees-the-potential-of-ptfe\">Bill Gore sees the potential of PTFE<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-membrane.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-membrane-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the membrane.\" class=\"wp-image-3009\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The membrane in the form of a glove.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>The development of the GORE-TEX membrane was more than just a <strong>lucky coincidence<\/strong> for the US chemist <strong>Bill Gore<\/strong>. Gore worked as a researcher at the chemical company DuPont in the 1950s, which has made a host of valuable contributions to the outdoor industry in the form of ground-breaking inventions and innovative fibres such as nylon, Lycra, Kevlar and neoprene. Interestingly enough, DuPont failed to see any benefit in continuing Bill Gore&#8217;s research on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE for short), but Gore did.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1958, Bill Gore realised his dream and founded his <strong>own company<\/strong>, W.L. Gore &amp; Associates, Inc, which grew from a classic American start-up based in a cellar into a global corporation with over 10,000 employees. Bill Gore had initially dedicated his research to new applications for the electrical industry until his son Bob accidentally discovered <strong>ePTFE<\/strong>, the material used to make all our dreams of breathable &amp; waterproof outdoor apparel come true.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the way, the ePTFE membrane is not just used in waterproof gear \u2013 GORE\u2019s portfolio includes industrial applications, medical implants (e.g. artificial arteries) and industrial applications based on the research into and development of PTFE and ePTFE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-from-ptfe-to-eptfe-from-eptfe-to-the-gore-tex-membrane\">From PTFE to ePTFE &#8211; from ePTFE to the GORE-TEX membrane<\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-microscope.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-microscope-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Close-up of the membrane under the microscope.\" class=\"wp-image-3010\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This image shows the microporous structure. The red drops symbolise <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alpinetrek.co.uk\/sweat-rate-calculator\/\">sweat<\/a>, which can travel through the pores unhindered.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Since we and the majority of our readers are laypeople with limited knowledge in chemical processes, we thought it\u2019d be best to explain how ePTFE was discovered like this: When Bob Gore was experimenting with PTFE, he yanked the material suddenly, discovering that it could <strong>stretch<\/strong> quite a bit without getting ruined. The expanded (i.e. &#8220;e&#8221; PTFE) material not only remained solid after stretching, but formed a <strong>microporous structure<\/strong> as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This microporous structure of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene is, of course, extremely small and not visible to the naked eye. However, you can see the large openings in the material under an electron microscope. There are about 1.4 billion of these <strong>tiny pores<\/strong> on a single square centimetre of the waterproof membrane. And as luck would have it, this pore size just happens to be ideal to guarantee both<strong> waterproof protection<\/strong> and <strong>breathability<\/strong> in functional clothing as well!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-much-smaller-than-a-water-droplet-and-large-enough-for-water-vapour\">Much smaller than a water droplet and large enough for water vapour<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Water vapour molecules<\/strong> are very small, much smaller than the pores in the GORE-TEX membrane. The pores are even 700 times larger than the vapour molecules, so the latter can travel from one side of the membrane to the other unhindered. For the outdoor athlete, this means that the vapour from sweat can escape through the membrane, keeping you <strong>dry<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As for liquid water, <strong>water droplets<\/strong> are much larger than the pores in the GORE-TEX membrane. In fact, the pore in the microporous membrane is about 20,000 times smaller than the smallest drop of water, so there\u2019s no way it\u2019s getting through those microscopic pores, even if there is a lot of them or you run into some heavy rains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-gore-tex-membrane-becomes-a-durable-laminate\">The GORE-TEX membrane becomes a durable laminate<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>An expanded PTFE membrane looks like a thin, flexible <strong>plastic film<\/strong>. Even in its raw form, the membrane is already windproof, waterproof and breathable, but its strength has yet to reach the optimum level. Mechanical abrasion or damage caused by sharp objects can lead to holes through which water can penetrate.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-three-layers.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-three-layers-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of the Gore-Tex three-layer laminates.\" class=\"wp-image-3013\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">All fabrics are bonded together in three-layer laminates.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>This is why the GORE-TEX membrane used for functional clothing, gloves and outdoor footwear must be made into <strong>laminate<\/strong> first. This means that the GORE-TEX membrane is bonded to a backer material to form a single unit. For outdoor garments, the outer material used with membranes is usually a hard-wearing synthetic fabric made of either nylon or polyester. When bonded together, the outer material and membrane form a solid laminate. Fortunately, neither the breathability nor the waterproof properties of the fabric is affected as a result, which is due in large part to the careful choice of the outer fabric and excellent production processes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whether we refer to the laminate as a <strong>2-layer or 3-layer<\/strong> GORE-TEX laminate depends on the <strong>lining<\/strong>. The three-layer construction uses a lining that is bonded directly to the membrane from the inside. This means that the GORE-TEX membrane is sandwiched between the outer material and the comfortable lining, providing optimum protection from dirt and damage from both sides. In contrast, a two-layer construction uses a separate lining.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The specific differences and characteristics of each of the GORE-TEX products, such as GORE-TEX Active, GORE-TEX Pro, GORE-TEX Paclite, GORE-TEX C-KNIT or GORE-TEX 2-layer products will be explained in detail at a later date. What we will say, however, is that some of the main differences between 2-layer and 3-layer laminates lie in their <strong>weight and strength<\/strong>. While ultra-light GORE-TEX jackets for trail runners are made from lightweight laminates, those extremely tough expedition jackets designed for mountaineers are made from stronger, more durable laminates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-getting-the-most-out-of-a-gore-tex-membrane\">Getting the most out of a GORE-TEX membrane<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The finished laminates with integrated GORE-TEX membranes are the basis for windproof, waterproof and breathable <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alpinetrek.co.uk\/hardshell-helmets\/\">hardshell<\/a> jackets, ski gloves and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.alpinetrek.co.uk\/walking-boots\/\">walking boots<\/a>. But, in order for the microporous membrane to perform to its potential when you\u2019re adventuring, exercising or working, you need to keep a few things in mind:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-pro.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bergfreunde.de\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Gore-Tex-functionality-pro-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration how the membrane works with water vapour.\" class=\"wp-image-3011\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The water vapour needs to reach the jacket. Otherwise, it can\u2019t get out.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Breathability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure that the membrane maintains complete breathability, which is responsible for transporting water vapour molecules through the GORE-TEX membrane, there has to be a <strong>difference in temperature and humidity <\/strong>between the inside and the outside of the garment. This means that the breathability of a jacket with a GORE-TEX membrane works best in<strong> low to mid-range temperatures<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To ensure the <strong>long-term functionality<\/strong> of GORE-TEX products, it is absolutely essential to <strong>care for them properly and regularly<\/strong>. With frequent wear, the insides of functional garments inevitably become contaminated with <strong>sweat, dirt and sunscreen<\/strong>, all of which can negatively affect the breathability of the fabric. However, if you wash your GORE-TEX products on a regular basis, both the durability and the breathability of the garment will be significantly improved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Care<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Hardshell clothing<\/strong> is generally worn as part of a layering system and forms the weatherproof outer shell, which is responsible for shielding you from the wind and rain. However, to ensure that the fabric is just as breathable as it is waterproof, the rest of your layers have to move water vapour away from the body just as well as your shell does. If you\u2019re wearing anything that <strong>lacks moisture-wicking properties<\/strong> under your hard shell, the GORE-TEX membrane won\u2019t perform to its full potential. This is why outdoor athletes opt for functional underwear and warm mid-layers made of breathable synthetic fabrics. These allow water vapour to travel quickly and unhindered to the outside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As you\u2019ve probably already gathered, there\u2019s really <strong>no way around GORE-TEX<\/strong>. It\u2019s a staple in the outdoor industry and it seems like it\u2019s here to stay. There are <strong>pros and cons<\/strong> to this, especially when you consider the fact that ePTFE is not entirely safe, but we won\u2019t go into that here. If you have any general questions about GORE-TEX, please do not hesitate to contact us.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"clearfix\"><a class=\"a-button a-button--green block\" title=\"Show GORE-TEX\u00ae products\" href=\"https:\/\/www.alpinetrek.co.uk\/p\/gore-tex\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Shop GORE-TEX products &gt;&gt;<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today, GORE-TEX is the epitome of waterproof and breathable garments. Regardless of whether you\u2019re skiing, cycling, mountaineering at work or just going about your everyday life, you can always rely on the high-quality products engineered with GORE-TEX membranes &#8211; at least that\u2019s what the American brand claims. In the following, we\u2019re going to have a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":40162,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[209],"tags":[182,418,27,417,184,183],"post_folder":[],"class_list":["post-40145","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-fabrics-technologies","tag-bike","tag-climbing-bouldering","tag-hiking-trekking","tag-mountaineering","tag-running","tag-winter-sports"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.6 (Yoast SEO v27.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How GORE-TEX membranes work | Alpinetrek.co.uk<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Today, GORE-TEX is the epitome of waterproof and breathable garments. 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